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<div class="section" id="playbooks-ansible-for-deployment-configuration-management-and-orchestration">
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<h1>Playbooks: Ansible for Deployment, Configuration Management, and Orchestration<a class="headerlink" href="#playbooks-ansible-for-deployment-configuration-management-and-orchestration" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
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<div class="admonition-see-also admonition seealso">
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<p class="first admonition-title">See also</p>
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<dl class="last docutils">
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<dt><a class="reference internal" href="YAMLScripts.html"><em>YAML Format</em></a></dt>
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<dd>Learn about YAML syntax</dd>
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<dt><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html"><em>Ansible Modules</em></a></dt>
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<dd>Learn about available modules and writing your own</dd>
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<dt><a class="reference internal" href="patterns.html"><em>The Inventory File, Patterns, and Groups</em></a></dt>
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<dd>Learn about how to select hosts</dd>
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</dl>
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</div>
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<p>Playbooks are a completely different way to use ansible and are particularly awesome.</p>
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<p>They are the basis for a really simple configuration management and multi-machine deployment system, unlike any that already exist, and one that is very well suited to deploying complex applications.</p>
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<p>While you might run the main /usr/bin/ansible program for ad-hoc tasks, playbooks are more likely to be kept in source control and used to push out your configuration or assure the configurations of your remote systems are in spec.</p>
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<div class="section" id="playbook-example">
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<h2>Playbook Example<a class="headerlink" href="#playbook-example" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<p>Playbooks are expressed in YAML format and have a minimum of syntax. Each playbook is composed
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of one or more ‘plays’ in a list. By composing a playbook of multiple ‘plays’, it is possible
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to orchestrate multi-machine deployments, running certain steps on all machines in
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the webservers group, then certain steps on the database server group, then more commands
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back on the webservers group, etc:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>---
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- hosts: webservers
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vars:
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http_port: 80
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max_clients: 200
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user: root
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tasks:
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- include: base.yml somevar=3 othervar=4
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- name: write the apache config file
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action: template src=/srv/httpd.j2 dest=/etc/httpd.conf
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notify:
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- restart apache
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- name: ensure apache is running
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action: service name=httpd state=started
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handlers:
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- include: handlers.yml</pre>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="hosts-line">
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<h2>Hosts line<a class="headerlink" href="#hosts-line" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<p>The hosts line is a list of one or more groups or host patterns, seperated by colons, asdescribed in the ‘patterns’ documentation. This is just like the first parameter to /usr/bin/ansible.</p>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="vars-section">
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<h2>Vars section<a class="headerlink" href="#vars-section" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<p>A list of variables and values that can be used in the plays. These can be used in templates
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or ‘action’ lines and are dereferenced using <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">`jinja2`</span></tt> syntax like this:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>{{ varname }}</pre>
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</div>
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<p>Further, if there are discovered variables about the system (say, if facter or ohai were
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installed) these variables bubble up back into the playbook, and can be used on each
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system just like explicitly set variables. Facter variables are prefixed with ‘<a href="#id1"><span class="problematic" id="id2">facter_</span></a>‘
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and Ohai variables are prefixed with ‘<a href="#id3"><span class="problematic" id="id4">ohai_</span></a>‘. So for instance, if I wanted to write the
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hostname into the /etc/motd file, I could say:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>- name: write the motd
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- action: template src=/srv/templates/motd.j2 dest=/etc/motd</pre>
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</div>
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<p>And in /srv/templates/motd.j2:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>You are logged into {{ facter_hostname }}</pre>
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</div>
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<p>But we’re getting ahead of ourselves. Let’s talk about tasks.</p>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="tasks-list">
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<h2>Tasks list<a class="headerlink" href="#tasks-list" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<p>Each play contains a list of tasks. Tasks are executed in order, one at a time, against
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all machines matched by the play’s host pattern, before moving on to the next task.</p>
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<p>Hosts with failed tasks are taken out of the rotation for the entire playbook. If things fail,
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simply correct the playbook file and rerun.</p>
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<p>Modules other than command are idempotent, meaning if you run them again, they will make the
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changes they are told to make to bring the system to the desired state.</p>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="task-name-and-action">
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<h2>Task name and action<a class="headerlink" href="#task-name-and-action" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<p>Every task must have a name, which is included in the output from running the playbook.</p>
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<p>The action line is the name of an ansible module followed by parameters. Usually these
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are expressed in key=value form, except for the command module, which looks just like a Linux/Unix
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command line. See the module documentation for more info.</p>
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<p>Variables, as mentioned above, can be used in action lines. So if, hypothetically, you wanted
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to make a directory on each system named after the hostname ... yeah, that’s I know silly ... you could
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do it like so:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>- name: make a directory
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- action: mkdir /tmp/{{ facter_hostname }}</pre>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="notify-statements">
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<h2>Notify statements<a class="headerlink" href="#notify-statements" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<p>Nearly all modules are written to be ‘idempotent’ and can signal when they have affected a change
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on the remote system. If a notify statement is used, the named handler will be run against
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each system where a change was effected, but NOT on systems where no change occurred. This happens
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after all of the tasks are run. For example, if notifying Apache and potentially replacing lots of
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configuration files, you could have Apache restart just once, at the end of a run. If you need
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Apache restarted in the middle of a run, you could just make a task for it, no harm done. Notifiers
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are optional.</p>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="handlers">
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<h2>Handlers<a class="headerlink" href="#handlers" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<p>Handlers are lists of tasks, not really any different from regular tasks, that are referenced
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by name. Handlers are what notifiers notify. If nothing notifies a handler, it will not run.
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Regardless of how many things notify a handler, it will run only once, after all of the tasks
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complete in a particular play.</p>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="includes">
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<h2>Includes<a class="headerlink" href="#includes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<p>Not all tasks have to be listed directly in the main file. An include file can contain
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a list of tasks (in YAML) as well, optionally passing extra variables into the file.
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Variables passed in can be deferenced like this (assume a variable named ‘user’):</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>{{ user }}</pre>
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</div>
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<p>For instance, if deploying multiple wordpress instances, I could contain all of my tasks
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in a wordpress.yml file, and use it like so:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>- tasks:
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- include: wordpress.yml user=timmy
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- include: wordpress.yml user=alice
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- include: wordpress.yml user=bob</pre>
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</div>
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<p>In addition to the explicitly passed in parameters, all variables from the vars section
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are also available.</p>
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<p>The format of an included list of tasks or handlers looks just like a flat list of tasks. Here
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is an example of what base.yml might look like:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>---
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- name: no selinux
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action: command /usr/sbin/setenforce 0
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- name: no iptables
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action: service name=iptables state=stopped
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- name: this is just to show variables work here, favcolor={{ favcolor }}
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action: command /bin/true</pre>
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</div>
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<p>As you can see above, variables in include files work just like they do in the main file.
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Including a variable in the name of a task is a contrived example, you could also
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pass them to the action command line or use them inside a template file.</p>
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<p>Note that include statements are only usable from the top level playbook file.
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At this time, includes can not include other includes.</p>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="using-includes-to-assign-classes-of-systems">
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<h2>Using Includes To Assign Classes of Systems<a class="headerlink" href="#using-includes-to-assign-classes-of-systems" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<p>Include files are best used to reuse logic between playbooks. You could imagine
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a playbook describing your entire infrastructure like this:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>---
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- hosts: atlanta-webservers
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vars:
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datacenter: atlanta
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tasks:
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- include: base.yml
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- include: webservers.yml database=db.atlanta.com
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handlers:
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- include: generic-handlers.yml
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- hosts: atlanta-dbservers
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vars:
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datacenter: atlanta
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tasks:
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- include: base.yml
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- include: dbservers.yml
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handlers:
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- include: generic-handlers.yml</pre>
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</div>
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<p>There is one (or more) play defined for each group of systems, and each play maps
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each group includes one or more ‘class definitions’ telling the systems what they
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are supposed to do or be.</p>
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<p>Using a common handlers file could allow one task in ‘webservers’ to define ‘restart apache’,
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and it could be reused between multiple plays.</p>
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<p>Variables like ‘database’ above can be used in templates referenced from the
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configuration file to generate machine specific variables.</p>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="asynchronous-actions-and-polling">
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<h2>Asynchronous Actions and Polling<a class="headerlink" href="#asynchronous-actions-and-polling" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<p>(Information on this feature is pending)</p>
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</div>
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<div class="section" id="executing-a-playbook">
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<h2>Executing A Playbook<a class="headerlink" href="#executing-a-playbook" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
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<p>To run a playbook:</p>
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<div class="highlight-python"><pre>ansible-playbook playbook.yml</pre>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="sphinxsidebar">
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<h3><a href="index.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
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<ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Playbooks: Ansible for Deployment, Configuration Management, and Orchestration</a><ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#playbook-example">Playbook Example</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#hosts-line">Hosts line</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#vars-section">Vars section</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tasks-list">Tasks list</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#task-name-and-action">Task name and action</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#notify-statements">Notify statements</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#handlers">Handlers</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#includes">Includes</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-includes-to-assign-classes-of-systems">Using Includes To Assign Classes of Systems</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#asynchronous-actions-and-polling">Asynchronous Actions and Polling</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#executing-a-playbook">Executing A Playbook</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<h4>Previous topic</h4>
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<h4>Next topic</h4>
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© Copyright 2012 Michael DeHaan.
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