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217 lines
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ReStructuredText
217 lines
7.6 KiB
ReStructuredText
.. _patterns:
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Inventory & Patterns
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====================
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Ansible works against multiple systems in your infrastructure at the
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same time. It does this by selecting portions of systems listed in
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Ansible's inventory file, which defaults to being saved in
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the location /etc/ansible/hosts.
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Not only is this inventory configurable, but you can also use
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multiple inventory files at the same time (explained below) and also
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pull inventory from dynamic or cloud sources, as described in `intro_inventory_dynamic`.
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.. contents::
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:depth: 2
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.. _inventoryformat:
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Hosts and Groups
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++++++++++++++++
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The format for /etc/ansible/hosts is an INI format and looks like this::
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mail.example.com
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[webservers]
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foo.example.com
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bar.example.com
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[dbservers]
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one.example.com
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two.example.com
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three.example.com
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The things in brackets are group names, which are used in classifying systems
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and deciding what systems you are controlling at what times and for what purpose.
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If you have hosts that run on non-standard SSH ports you can put the port number
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after the hostname with a colon. Ports listed in your SSH config file won't be used,
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so it is important that you set them if things are not running on the default port::
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badwolf.example.com:5309
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Suppose you have just static IPs and want to set up some aliases that don't live in your host file, or you are connecting through tunnels. You can do things like this::
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jumper ansible_ssh_port=5555 ansible_ssh_host=192.168.1.50
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In the above example, trying to ansible against the host alias "jumper" (which may not even be a real hostname) will contact 192.168.1.50 on port 5555. Note that this is using a feature of the inventory file to define some special variables. Generally speaking this is not the best
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way to define variables that describe your system policy, but we'll share suggestions on doing this later. We're just getting started.
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Adding a lot of hosts? If you have a lot of hosts following similar patterns you can do this rather than listing each hostname::
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[webservers]
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www[01:50].example.com
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For numeric patterns, leading zeros can be included or removed, as desired. Ranges are inclusive. You can also define alphabetic ranges::
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[databases]
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db-[a:f].example.com
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You can also select the connection type and user on a per host basis::
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[targets]
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localhost ansible_connection=local
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other1.example.com ansible_connection=ssh ansible_ssh_user=mpdehaan
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other2.example.com ansible_connection=ssh ansible_ssh_user=mdehaan
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As mentioned above, setting these in the inventory file is only a shorthand, and we'll discuss how to store them in individual files
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in the 'host_vars' directory a bit later on.
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Host Variables
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++++++++++++++
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As alluded to above, it is easy to assign variables to hosts that will be used later in playbooks::
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[atlanta]
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host1 http_port=80 maxRequestsPerChild=808
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host2 http_port=303 maxRequestsPerChild=909
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Group Variables
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+++++++++++++++
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Variables can also be applied to an entire group at once::
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[atlanta]
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host1
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host2
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[atlanta:vars]
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ntp_server=ntp.atlanta.example.com
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proxy=proxy.atlanta.example.com
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Groups of Groups, and Group Variables
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+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
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It is also possible to make groups of groups and assign
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variables to groups. These variables can be used by /usr/bin/ansible-playbook, but not
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/usr/bin/ansible::
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[atlanta]
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host1
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host2
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[raleigh]
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host2
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host3
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[southeast:children]
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atlanta
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raleigh
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[southeast:vars]
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some_server=foo.southeast.example.com
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halon_system_timeout=30
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self_destruct_countdown=60
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escape_pods=2
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[usa:children]
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southeast
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northeast
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southwest
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southeast
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If you need to store lists or hash data, or prefer to keep host and group specific variables
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separate from the inventory file, see the next section.
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Splitting Out Host and Group Specific Data
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++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
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The preferred practice in Ansible is actually not to store variables in the main inventory file.
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In addition to the storing variables directly in the INI file, host
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and group variables can be stored in individual files relative to the
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inventory file.
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These variable files are in YAML format. See `YAMLSyntax` if you are new to YAML.
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Assuming the inventory file path is::
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/etc/ansible/hosts
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If the host is named 'foosball', and in groups 'raleigh' and 'webservers', variables
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in YAML files at the following locations will be made available to the host::
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/etc/ansible/group_vars/raleigh
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/etc/ansible/group_vars/webservers
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/etc/ansible/host_vars/foosball
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For instance, suppose you have hosts grouped by datacenter, and each datacenter
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uses some different servers. The data in the groupfile '/etc/ansible/group_vars/raleigh' for
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the 'raleigh' group might look like::
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---
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ntp_server: acme.example.org
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database_server: storage.example.org
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It is ok if these files do not exist, as this is an optional feature.
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Tip: In Ansible 1.2 or later the group_vars/ and host_vars/ directories can exist in either
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the playbook directory OR the inventory directory. If both paths exist, variables in the playbook
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directory will be loaded second.
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Tip: Keeping your inventory file and variables in a git repo (or other version control)
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is an excellent way to track changes to your inventory and host variables.
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List of Behavioral Inventory Parameters
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+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
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As aluded to above, setting the following variables controls how ansible interacts with remote hosts. Some we have already
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mentioned::
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ansible_ssh_host
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The name of the host to connect to, if different from the alias you wish to give to it.
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ansible_ssh_port
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The ssh port number, if not 22
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ansible_ssh_user
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The default ssh user name to use.
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ansible_ssh_pass
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The ssh password to use (this is insecure, we strongly recommend using --ask-pass or SSH keys)
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ansible_connection
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Connection type of the host. Candidates are local, ssh or paramiko. The default is paramiko before Ansible 1.2, and 'smart' afterwards which detects whether usage of 'ssh' would be feasible based on whether ControlPersist is supported.
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ansible_ssh_private_key_file
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Private key file used by ssh. Useful if using multiple keys and you don't want to use SSH agent.
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ansible_python_interpreter
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The target host python path. This is userful for systems with more
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than one Python or not located at "/usr/bin/python" such as \*BSD, or where /usr/bin/python
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is not a 2.X series Python. We do not use the "/usr/bin/env" mechanism as that requires the remote user's
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path to be set right and also assumes the "python" executable is named python, where the executable might
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be named something like "python26".
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ansible\_\*\_interpreter
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Works for anything such as ruby or perl and works just like ansible_python_interpreter.
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This replaces shebang of modules which will run on that host.
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Examples from a host file::
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some_host ansible_ssh_port=2222 ansible_ssh_user=manager
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aws_host ansible_ssh_private_key_file=/home/example/.ssh/aws.pem
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freebsd_host ansible_python_interpreter=/usr/local/bin/python
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ruby_module_host ansible_ruby_interpreter=/usr/bin/ruby.1.9.3
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.. seealso::
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:doc:`intro_inventory_dynamic`
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Pulling inventory from dynamic sources, such as cloud providers
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:doc:`intro_examples`
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Examples of basic commands
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:doc:`playbooks`
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Learning ansible's configuration management language
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`Mailing List <http://groups.google.com/group/ansible-project>`_
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Questions? Help? Ideas? Stop by the list on Google Groups
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`irc.freenode.net <http://irc.freenode.net>`_
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#ansible IRC chat channel
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