Rackspace Cloud Guide
=====================

.. _introduction:

Introduction
````````````

.. note:: This section of the documentation is under construction. We are in the process of adding more examples about the Rackspace modules and how they work together.  Once complete, there will also be examples for Rackspace Cloud in `ansible-examples <http://github.com/ansible/ansible-examples/>`_.

Ansible contains a number of core modules for interacting with Rackspace Cloud.  

The purpose of this section is to explain how to put Ansible modules together 
(and use inventory scripts) to use Ansible in Rackspace Cloud context.

Prerequisites for using the rax modules are minimal.  In addition to ansible itself, 
all of the modules require and are tested against pyrax 1.5 or higher. 
You'll need this Python module installed on the execution host.  

pyrax is not currently available in many operating system 
package repositories, so you will likely need to install it via pip:

.. code-block:: bash

    $ pip install pyrax

The following steps will often execute from the control machine against the Rackspace Cloud API, so it makes sense 
to add localhost to the inventory file.  (Ansible may not require this manual step in the future):

.. code-block:: ini

    [localhost]
    localhost ansible_connection=local

In playbook steps we'll typically be using the following pattern:

.. code-block:: yaml

    - hosts: localhost
      connection: local
      gather_facts: False
      tasks:

.. _credentials_file:

Credentials File
````````````````

The `rax.py` inventory script and all `rax` modules support a standard `pyrax` credentials file that looks like:

.. code-block:: ini

    [rackspace_cloud]
    username = myraxusername
    api_key = d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e

Setting the environment parameter RAX_CREDS_FILE to the path of this file will help Ansible find how to load
this information.

More information about this credentials file can be found at 
https://github.com/rackspace/pyrax/blob/master/docs/getting_started.md#authenticating


.. _virtual_environment:

Running from a Python Virtual Environment (Optional)
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Special considerations need to 
be taken if pyrax is not installed globally but instead using a python virtualenv (it's fine if you install it globally).  

Ansible assumes, unless otherwise instructed, that the python binary will live at 
/usr/bin/python.  This is done so via the interpret line in the modules, however 
when instructed using ansible_python_interpreter, ansible will use this specified path instead for finding 
python.

If using virtualenv, you may wish to modify your localhost inventory definition to find this location as follows:

.. code-block:: ini

    [localhost]
    localhost ansible_connection=local ansible_python_interpreter=/path/to/ansible_venv/bin/python

.. _provisioning:

Provisioning
````````````

Now for the fun parts.

The 'rax' module provides the ability to provision instances within Rackspace Cloud.  Typically the 
provisioning task will be performed from your Ansible control server against the Rackspace cloud API.

.. note::

   Authentication with the Rackspace-related modules is handled by either 
   specifying your username and API key as environment variables or passing
   them as module arguments.

Here is a basic example of provisioning a instance in ad-hoc mode:

.. code-block:: bash

    $ ansible localhost -m rax -a "name=awx flavor=4 image=ubuntu-1204-lts-precise-pangolin wait=yes" -c local

Here's what it would look like in a playbook, assuming the parameters were defined in variables:

.. code-block:: yaml

    tasks:
      - name: Provision a set of instances
        local_action:
            module: rax
            name: "{{ rax_name }}"
            flavor: "{{ rax_flavor }}"
            image: "{{ rax_image }}"
            count: "{{ rax_count }}"
            group: "{{ group }}"
            wait: yes
        register: rax

By registering the return value of the step, it is then possible to dynamically add the resulting hosts to inventory (temporarily, in memory).
This facilitates performing configuration actions on the hosts immediately in a subsequent task::

    - name: Add the instances we created (by public IP) to the group 'raxhosts'
      local_action:
          module: add_host 
          hostname: "{{ item.name }}"
          ansible_ssh_host: "{{ item.rax_accessipv4 }}"
          ansible_ssh_pass: "{{ item.rax_adminpass }}"
          groupname: raxhosts
      with_items: rax.success
      when: rax.action == 'create'

With the host group now created, a second play in your provision playbook could now configure them, for example::

    - name: Configuration play
      hosts: raxhosts
      user: root
      roles:
        - ntp
        - webserver


The method above ties the configuration of a host with the provisioning step.  This isn't always what you want, and leads us 
to the next section.

.. _host_inventory:

Host Inventory
``````````````

Once your nodes are spun up, you'll probably want to talk to them again.  

The best way to handle his is to use the rax inventory plugin, which dynamically queries Rackspace Cloud and tells Ansible what
nodes you have to manage.

You might want to use this even if you are spinning up Ansible via other tools, including the Rackspace Cloud user interface.

The inventory plugin can be used to group resources by their meta data.  Utilizing meta data is highly 
recommended in rax and can provide an easy way to sort between host groups and roles.

If you don't want to use the ``rax.py`` dynamic inventory script, you could also still choose to manually manage your INI inventory file,
though this is less recommended.   

In Ansible it is quite possible to use multiple dynamic inventory plugins along with INI file data.  Just put them in a common
directory and be sure the scripts are chmod +x, and the INI-based ones are not.

.. _raxpy:

rax.py
++++++

To use the rackspace dynamic inventory script, copy ``rax.py`` from ``plugins/inventory`` into your inventory directory and make it executable. You can specify credentials for ``rax.py`` utilizing the ``RAX_CREDS_FILE`` environment variable.

.. note:: Users of :doc:`tower` will note that dynamic inventory is natively supported by Tower, and all you have to do is associate a group with your Rackspace Cloud credentials, and it will easily synchronize without going through these steps::

    $ RAX_CREDS_FILE=~/.raxpub ansible all -i rax.py -m setup

``rax.py`` also accepts a ``RAX_REGION`` environment variable, which can contain an individual region, or a 
comma separated list of regions.

When using ``rax.py``, you will not have a 'localhost' defined in the inventory.  

As mentioned previously, you will often be running most of these modules outside of the host loop, 
and will need 'localhost' defined.  The recommended way to do this, would be to create an ``inventory`` directory, 
and place both the ``rax.py`` script and a file containing ``localhost`` in it.  

Executing ``ansible`` or ``ansible-playbook`` and specifying the ``inventory`` directory instead 
of an individual file, will cause ansible to evaluate each file in that directory for inventory.

Let's test our inventory script to see if it can talk to Rackspace Cloud.

.. code-block:: bash

    $ RAX_CREDS_FILE=~/.raxpub ansible all -i inventory/ -m setup

Assuming things are properly configured, the ``rax.py`` inventory script will output information similar to the 
following information, which will be utilized for inventory and variables. 

.. code-block:: json

    {
        "ORD": [
            "test"
        ],
        "_meta": {
            "hostvars": {
                "test": {
                    "ansible_ssh_host": "1.1.1.1",
                    "rax_accessipv4": "1.1.1.1",
                    "rax_accessipv6": "2607:f0d0:1002:51::4",
                    "rax_addresses": {
                        "private": [
                            {
                                "addr": "2.2.2.2",
                                "version": 4
                            }
                        ],
                        "public": [
                            {
                                "addr": "1.1.1.1",
                                "version": 4
                            },
                            {
                                "addr": "2607:f0d0:1002:51::4",
                                "version": 6
                            }
                        ]
                    },
                    "rax_config_drive": "",
                    "rax_created": "2013-11-14T20:48:22Z",
                    "rax_flavor": {
                        "id": "performance1-1",
                        "links": [
                            {
                                "href": "https://ord.servers.api.rackspacecloud.com/111111/flavors/performance1-1",
                                "rel": "bookmark"
                            }
                        ]
                    },
                    "rax_hostid": "e7b6961a9bd943ee82b13816426f1563bfda6846aad84d52af45a4904660cde0",
                    "rax_human_id": "test",
                    "rax_id": "099a447b-a644-471f-87b9-a7f580eb0c2a",
                    "rax_image": {
                        "id": "b211c7bf-b5b4-4ede-a8de-a4368750c653",
                        "links": [
                            {
                                "href": "https://ord.servers.api.rackspacecloud.com/111111/images/b211c7bf-b5b4-4ede-a8de-a4368750c653",
                                "rel": "bookmark"
                            }
                        ]
                    },
                    "rax_key_name": null,
                    "rax_links": [
                        {
                            "href": "https://ord.servers.api.rackspacecloud.com/v2/111111/servers/099a447b-a644-471f-87b9-a7f580eb0c2a",
                            "rel": "self"
                        },
                        {
                            "href": "https://ord.servers.api.rackspacecloud.com/111111/servers/099a447b-a644-471f-87b9-a7f580eb0c2a",
                            "rel": "bookmark"
                        }
                    ],
                    "rax_metadata": {
                        "foo": "bar"
                    },
                    "rax_name": "test",
                    "rax_name_attr": "name",
                    "rax_networks": {
                        "private": [
                            "2.2.2.2"
                        ],
                        "public": [
                            "1.1.1.1",
                            "2607:f0d0:1002:51::4"
                        ]
                    },
                    "rax_os-dcf_diskconfig": "AUTO",
                    "rax_os-ext-sts_power_state": 1,
                    "rax_os-ext-sts_task_state": null,
                    "rax_os-ext-sts_vm_state": "active",
                    "rax_progress": 100,
                    "rax_status": "ACTIVE",
                    "rax_tenant_id": "111111",
                    "rax_updated": "2013-11-14T20:49:27Z",
                    "rax_user_id": "22222"
                }
            }
        }
    }

.. _standard_inventory:

Standard Inventory
++++++++++++++++++

When utilizing a standard ini formatted inventory file (as opposed to the inventory plugin), 
it may still be adventageous to retrieve discoverable hostvar information  from the Rackspace API.  

This can be achieved with the ``rax_facts`` module and an inventory file similar to the following:

.. code-block:: ini

    [test_servers]
    hostname1 rax_region=ORD
    hostname2 rax_region=ORD

.. code-block:: yaml

    - name: Gather info about servers
      hosts: test_servers
      gather_facts: False
      tasks:
        - name: Get facts about servers
          local_action:
            module: rax_facts
            credentials: ~/.raxpub
            name: "{{ inventory_hostname }}"
            region: "{{ rax_region }}"
        - name: Map some facts
          set_fact:
            ansible_ssh_host: "{{ rax_accessipv4 }}"

While you don't need to know how it works, it may be interesting to know what kind of variables are returned.

The ``rax_facts`` module provides facts as followings, which match the ``rax.py`` inventory script:

.. code-block:: json

    {
        "ansible_facts": {
            "rax_accessipv4": "1.1.1.1",
            "rax_accessipv6": "2607:f0d0:1002:51::4",
            "rax_addresses": {
                "private": [
                    {
                        "addr": "2.2.2.2",
                        "version": 4
                    }
                ],
                "public": [
                    {
                        "addr": "1.1.1.1",
                        "version": 4
                    },
                    {
                        "addr": "2607:f0d0:1002:51::4",
                        "version": 6
                    }
                ]
            },
            "rax_config_drive": "",
            "rax_created": "2013-11-14T20:48:22Z",
            "rax_flavor": {
                "id": "performance1-1",
                "links": [
                    {
                        "href": "https://ord.servers.api.rackspacecloud.com/111111/flavors/performance1-1",
                        "rel": "bookmark"
                    }
                ]
            },
            "rax_hostid": "e7b6961a9bd943ee82b13816426f1563bfda6846aad84d52af45a4904660cde0",
            "rax_human_id": "test",
            "rax_id": "099a447b-a644-471f-87b9-a7f580eb0c2a",
            "rax_image": {
                "id": "b211c7bf-b5b4-4ede-a8de-a4368750c653",
                "links": [
                    {
                        "href": "https://ord.servers.api.rackspacecloud.com/111111/images/b211c7bf-b5b4-4ede-a8de-a4368750c653",
                        "rel": "bookmark"
                    }
                ]
            },
            "rax_key_name": null,
            "rax_links": [
                {
                    "href": "https://ord.servers.api.rackspacecloud.com/v2/111111/servers/099a447b-a644-471f-87b9-a7f580eb0c2a",
                    "rel": "self"
                },
                {
                    "href": "https://ord.servers.api.rackspacecloud.com/111111/servers/099a447b-a644-471f-87b9-a7f580eb0c2a",
                    "rel": "bookmark"
                }
            ],
            "rax_metadata": {
                "foo": "bar"
            },
            "rax_name": "test",
            "rax_name_attr": "name",
            "rax_networks": {
                "private": [
                    "2.2.2.2"
                ],
                "public": [
                    "1.1.1.1",
                    "2607:f0d0:1002:51::4"
                ]
            },
            "rax_os-dcf_diskconfig": "AUTO",
            "rax_os-ext-sts_power_state": 1,
            "rax_os-ext-sts_task_state": null,
            "rax_os-ext-sts_vm_state": "active",
            "rax_progress": 100,
            "rax_status": "ACTIVE",
            "rax_tenant_id": "111111",
            "rax_updated": "2013-11-14T20:49:27Z",
            "rax_user_id": "22222"
        },
        "changed": false
    }


Use Cases
`````````

This section covers some additional usage examples built around a specific use case.

.. _example_1:

Example 1
+++++++++

Create an isolated cloud network and build a server

.. code-block:: yaml
   
    - name: Build Servers on an Isolated Network
      hosts: localhost
      connection: local
      gather_facts: False
      tasks:
        - name: Network create request
          local_action:
            module: rax_network
            credentials: ~/.raxpub
            label: my-net
            cidr: 192.168.3.0/24
            region: IAD
            state: present
            
        - name: Server create request
          local_action:
            module: rax
            credentials: ~/.raxpub
            name: web%04d.example.org
            flavor: 2
            image: ubuntu-1204-lts-precise-pangolin
            disk_config: manual
            networks:
              - public
              - my-net
            region: IAD
            state: present
            count: 5
            exact_count: yes
            group: web
            wait: yes
            wait_timeout: 360
          register: rax

.. _example_2:

Example 2
+++++++++

Build a complete webserver environment with servers, custom networks and load balancers, install nginx and create a custom index.html

.. code-block:: yaml
   
    ---
    - name: Build environment
      hosts: localhost
      connection: local
      gather_facts: False
      tasks:
        - name: Load Balancer create request
          local_action:
            module: rax_clb
            credentials: ~/.raxpub
            name: my-lb
            port: 80
            protocol: HTTP
            algorithm: ROUND_ROBIN
            type: PUBLIC
            timeout: 30
            region: IAD
            wait: yes
            state: present
            meta:
              app: my-cool-app
          register: clb
    
        - name: Network create request
          local_action:
            module: rax_network
            credentials: ~/.raxpub
            label: my-net
            cidr: 192.168.3.0/24
            state: present
            region: IAD
          register: network
    
        - name: Server create request
          local_action:
            module: rax
            credentials: ~/.raxpub
            name: web%04d.example.org
            flavor: performance1-1
            image: ubuntu-1204-lts-precise-pangolin
            disk_config: manual
            networks:
              - public
              - private
              - my-net
            region: IAD
            state: present
            count: 5
            exact_count: yes
            group: web
            wait: yes
          register: rax
    
        - name: Add servers to web host group
          local_action:
            module: add_host
            hostname: "{{ item.name }}"
            ansible_ssh_host: "{{ item.rax_accessipv4 }}"
            ansible_ssh_pass: "{{ item.rax_adminpass }}"
            ansible_ssh_user: root
            groupname: web
          with_items: rax.success
          when: rax.action == 'create'
    
        - name: Add servers to Load balancer
          local_action:
            module: rax_clb_nodes
            credentials: ~/.raxpub
            load_balancer_id: "{{ clb.balancer.id }}"
            address: "{{ item.rax_networks.private|first }}"
            port: 80
            condition: enabled
            type: primary
            wait: yes
            region: IAD
          with_items: rax.success
          when: rax.action == 'create'
    
    - name: Configure servers
      hosts: web
      handlers:
        - name: restart nginx
          service: name=nginx state=restarted
    
      tasks:
        - name: Install nginx
          apt: pkg=nginx state=latest update_cache=yes cache_valid_time=86400
          notify:
            - restart nginx
    
        - name: Ensure nginx starts on boot
          service: name=nginx state=started enabled=yes
    
        - name: Create custom index.html
          copy: content="{{ inventory_hostname }}" dest=/usr/share/nginx/www/index.html
                owner=root group=root mode=0644


.. _advanced_usage:

Advanced Usage
``````````````

.. _awx_autoscale:

Autoscaling with Tower
++++++++++++++++++++++

:doc:`tower` also contains a very nice feature for auto-scaling use cases.  
In this mode, a simple curl script can call a defined URL and the server will "dial out" to the requester 
and configure an instance that is spinning up.  This can be a great way to reconfigure ephemeral nodes.
See the Tower documentation for more details.  

A benefit of using the callback in Tower over pull mode is that job results are still centrally recorded 
and less information has to be shared with remote hosts.

.. _pending_information:

Pending Information
```````````````````

More to come!